PRIMER invites you to our annual symposium at Universidad del Turabo

PRIMER invites you to our annual symposium at Universidad del Turabo

Welcome

We have been hit hard by nature. We must embrace in strategies to improve life for all.

Nowadays, disciplines seek to combine innovative solutions to face environmental challenges to life on Earth. Every day, profound scientific initiatives disclose microbial properties that are valuable to understand and to deal with environmental constraints that mankind experience. Therefore, we are convening international and local researchers, within an interdisciplinary scenario, to discuss microbial influences with interconnections shaping life. We take this opportunity to examine scientific advances towards environmental balances, sustainable development, and societal progress with lessons for innovation. New discoveries are achieved by searching for frontiers in environmental microbiology. We, at Universidad del Turabo and the Puerto Rico Institute for Microbial Ecology Research (PRIMER), recognize our responsibility to search for and carry out research that will provide solutions to environmental constraints and descriptions of novel and intriguing biological phenomena. This is a task for multiple disciplines and a commitment for the global scientific community to achieve transformations.


The PRIMER pursues a better understanding of microbial roles within the Neotropical environment with global impact. We invite you to be part of this journey:

XI Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology: Interconnections Shaping Life
Friday, March 16, 2018 Universidad del Turabo Gurabo, PR
830 AM Biblioteca Museo Gobernador Pedro Rosselló

Poster Session

Poster Session
Isolation of putative-lignin deconstructing bacteria.  Alexis P. Healion-del Valle, Tiffany del Valle-González, Solimar García-Torres, Karleen M. González-Rosari, and José R. Pérez-Jiménez.  Puerto Rico Institute for Microbial Ecology Research, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR 00778.  Abstract: There is a world-wide need for alternative energy sources.  The use of biofuels is wildly considered as a good substitute for petroleum-based fuels. The production of energy by biomass minimizes pollution. One major challenge in its utilization is that the majority of this carbon is trapped in the troublesome structural polymers of the plant cell wall. Lignin is the most complex carbohydrate possessing a high molecular weight and the most abundant aromatic polymer in the biosphere. It can cause serious pollution and toxicity problem due to its low biodegradability.  Our objective is to isolate and characterize bacteria capable of deconstructing lignin from diverse ecosystems.  Soil samples were collected and used as inoculum on media containing lignin as sole carbon source.  Turbidity and color change in media suggested lignin deconstructing consortia.  Positive enrichments were subjected to further characterization.  A total of seventeen strains were capable of deconstructing lignin. Most of them proving to be gram positive coccus. Future work includes genetic and biochemical characterization of putative-lignin deconstructing bacteria.  Eventually, the most efficient strains will be selected for upscaling process.
Aislamiento e identificación de microorganimos marinos en la zona noroeste de la bahía de Guánica, P.R. como posibles agentes biorremediadores.  Angélica Toro Cora, Ángela Gonzales and Jason Dragoni Rosado.  Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Inter American University of Puerto Rico-San Germán Campus.  Abstract: Existen numerosas especies de hongos los cuales pueden vivir en ecosistemas marinos. Especialmente las levaduras marinas son una parte importante de los microorganismos que viven en los océanos. En las zonas costeras los nutrientes y microorganismos son abundantes, al igual que la contaminación. Las levaduras marinas pueden ser indicadoras de zonas costeras contaminadas. Un estudio realizado por la NOAA demostró que la bahía de Guánica es la más contaminada del Caribe, teniendo en ella una alta concentración de metales pesados. Se conoce que diversas especies de levaduras tienen la capacidad de tolerar y crecer en presencia de metales pesados. Es por esto que se propone realizar un estudio para la identificación de levaduras marinas a lo largo de la parte noroeste de la bahía de Guánica. Si la bahía está altamente contaminada, y hay levaduras presentes en el lugar, entonces estas podrían tolerar las concentraciones de metales pesados que allí se encuentran. Hasta donde se ha revisado la literatura, no hay estudios que  identifiquen levaduras marinas en la bahía. Los objetivos de la investigación serán los siguientes: probar la existencia de las levaduras marinas en los lugares contaminados de la parte noroeste de la bahía de Guánica, así como enumerar e identificar taxonómicamente las levaduras recuperadas. Se colectarán muestras de agua superficial en tres puntos de la bahía, se filtrarán y cultivarán los filtros en medio de cultivo SDA con 50% agua de mar. Las levaduras y mohos aislados fueron identificados preliminarmente por sus características morfológicas observadas bajo el microscopio óptico. Se aisló una levadura no identificada y diez mohos, incluyendo Aspergillus niger. Los trabajos futuros incluyen la identificación molecular de los hongos aislados, y una propuesta para cultivar la levadura marina en presencia de metales pesados y determinar su tolerancia y posible capacidad de biorremediación.
Isolation of Putative Xylene-degrading Bacteria Across Neotropical Ecosystems.  Bianca Serrano-Torres, Christian D. del Valle-Colón, Karleen M. González-Rosario, and José R. Pérez-Jiménez.  Puerto Rico Institute for Microbial Ecology Research, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR 00778.  Abstract: Xylene is an aromatic organic compound formed by two methyl groups and a benzene ring in the center that can cause health complications. This chemical is used in many industries and it is one of the main components in gasoline. Because of this, exposure to this contaminant is very probable. Conventional methods for xylene isomers removal are difficult and expensive, therefore, biodegradation is a more viable and economical way of transforming them into less harmful or non-hazardous compounds. Bacteria, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri or P. putida, are capable of degrading xylene isomers with the help of metabolic intermediates of biodegradation for biomass production. Our objective is to isolate and characterize bacteria capable of degrading this benzene derivative. Water and soil samples were obtained from polluted and non-polluted environments across Puerto Rico. They were cultivated on general media initially and pure strains were tested on mineral medium with xylene as its sole carbon source. Putative xylene degraders where characterized by Gram stain, catalase test, CHROMagar Orientation plates and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Catalase test revealed positive results for all putative strains. Mineral media provided a total of 19 bacterial strains out of twenty-seven. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene include genera such as Klebsiella, Ralstonia, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes. Putative xylene-degraders Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Escherichia were positive for CHROMagar analysis. Nevertheless, in the Gram stain test all strains resulted to be Gram positive. This contradicts the results of the CHROMagar Orientation plates. Neotropical ecosystems have provided bacteria with diverse capabilities that can be useful in the remediation of contaminated sites and preserving public health. Future studies will include a biodegradation test for each of the xylene isomers individually and characterization of the metabolic intermediates that are produced by these bacteria in the biodegradation of the isomers.
Preliminary Study of Identification of Filamentous Fungi in White Sands of Three Beaches of the Caribbean.  Catherine E. Torres Montes, Lourdes Echevarría. Biología, PUCPR, P.O. Box 144045 Arecibo, P.R. 00614-4045.  Abstract: The Caribbean has various beaches of white sands that are frequently visited by many tourists above all during the summer. Studded the dry area of the sand of Copacabana beach in Barbados Bridgetown, Flamenco beach in Culebra and Maho beach in St. Maarten, in the month of June 2016. The purpose of the study was to know the diversity of filamentary fungus in the sand of the three beaches and determine if the filamentary fungus found are pathogenic. Taxonomic analysis determined the presence of 3 genus; Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus. The genus of fungus with more identified species in the three beaches was the Aspergillus. The growth of colonies of filamentous fungus in the samples, fluctuated from 6 cfu/g to 17 cfu/g. The species of fungus were R. oligosporus, R. stolonifer, A. tamarii, P. wasksmanii, A. niger, A. versicolor, A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. fumigatus. Most identified filamentary fungus are pathogenic to man and animals. Even some of the species have been isolated from patients in nasal crops, and can cause diseases like asthma. Also cause infections in the eyes, skin and nails. Most of these fungi use as a transmission vehicle direct contact and by air. 
Diversity of Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere of the Almeyda Dairy Farm in Arecibo.  Daniel O. Soto Burgos, Tarsis N. Aponte Burgos, and Luz V. Arroyo Cruz.  School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Barceloneta, PR 00617.  Abstract: The soil is the outer layer of the earth's surface where it supports plant growth. The rhizosphere is the soil region where biological activity occurs, which is important because bacteria and fungi form communities to degrade organic compounds. Our research deals with livestock farming. The edaphic sample of Almeyda Dairy Farm, with a pH of 7.52 and humidity of 22.3 %, was frozen for 2 months before being activated for this investigation. Our objective is to quantify and characterize microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present in an edaphic livestock sample. The methodology had two approaches based on soil sampling (0 – 10 cm). In the microbiological analysis, samples were diluted, and colonies counted, bacteria and fungi isolated, stains (Gram, Hiss, Wirtz-Conklin, and Lactophenol Cotton Blue), CHROMagar orientation, and biochemical tests were made. The incubation temperature was 27 °C. In the molecular analysis, direct genomic DNA extraction from the soil visualized by 1% agarose electrophoresis was carried out. From the cattle edaphic sample refrigerated for 2 months, we quantified 94 x 107 cfu/mL, and only 2 bacilli (Gram positive and Gram negative), and 2 fungi. In both cases, they are ready to identify. In addition, genomic DNA was extracted there from same sample for subsequent PCR analysis. Results obtained in this study will serve to be compared with a similar sample of forest soil and observe microbiological differences between both soils.
Development of Method for Staining Lipids in Microalgae.  Harim Delgado-Seo, Shakira Martínez-Díaz, Paulette Gonzalez-Lamenza, and Catalina Davila-Aguer.  School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR 00778.  Abstract: Investigators from various fields of study have derived from searching for an alternative biofuel in crops such as soybeans and corn that could replace the current use of fossil fuels, because of slow production rate. Instead, a new wave of scientists has identified the potential and benefits that microalgae have over crops. On the other hand, the cultivation of microalgae also has its own complications that needs to be managed before mass production. One of the difficulties that investigations have encountered is the lack of a rapid tactic that could determine the neutral lipid content in microalgae. A dye called Nile red could prove to be a solution for this problem if the cell wall and cell membrane are broken to allow the entrance of the dye into the cytoplasm. In order to do so, the cell wall needs to be exposed to molecular collisions between microalgae with the use of vortexes and household microwaves so it can rupture. Furthermore, the addition of DMSO dissolves the polar lipids concentrated in the cell membrane. After the cell wall is broken and the cell membrane is dissolved, the Nile red solution is added and allowed to sit in the dark for a predetermined period of time and temperature. As a result, the intercellular lipid bodies are stained with the Nile red solution and luster a fluorescent yellow. When observed under a fluorimeter, the fluorescence intensity and wavelengths can be measured and quantified with a graph. The use of the traditional Nile red method had to be modified for it to work with thicker cell walled strains by the inclusion of the polar lipid solvent, DMSO, and microwaves to the protocol, so the Nile red dye solution could enter and stain the lipid bodies inside the cytoplasm.
Properties of Annona muricata plant as potential antibiotic.  Herreld Y. Rosado Loubriel, and Luz V. Arroyo.  School of Natural Science and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Barceloneta, PR 00617.  Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance are microbes that gaining resistance to modern medicine. The Annona muricata plant, or as it called soursop (“guanabana”, in Spanish), is a fruit that originates from Peru, but it is also found in the Caribbean islands, South, and Central America. Mainly known as a natural cancer killer stronger than chemotherapy, our goal was to use A. muricata leaves to test it as potential antibiotic. Methodology consist of three steps: 1) Extracts preparation: Three different extract concentrations were used: extract #1 (10 leaves); #2 (25 leaves); and #3 (50 leaves). Annona muricata leaves were collected, cleaned, and dried in an oven. Then were macerated in distilled water (240 mL), heating for 10 minutes without boiling. They were left in slow agitation for 24 hours, and then filtered to sterilize. These were stored in a refrigerator until the day of exposure. 2) Bacterial cultures preparation: preparations started by sterilizing the absorbent disks with UV light. Bacteria used were: Escherichia coli (Gram-negative rod), Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive rod), Microccocus luteus (Gram-positive coccus), and Citrobacter freundii (Gram-negative rod). TSA culture medium was calculated and prepared for large Petri dishes in triplicate (16). Broad spectrum antibiotics were used as positive controls (Amoxillin and Cefradroxil). 3) Kirby Bauer antibiosis assay: Petri dishes were inoculated with bacteria; absorbent disks were impregnated with each extract separately, and placed on each plate, as well as antibiotics, and negative controls (paper without extracts, and paper with distilled water). These were exposed for 24 hours at 37 °C temperature. Then inhibition halos were read (mm) and documented. Results indicate that A. muricata leaves extracts had effect against E. coli, and the more effective extract was 25 leaves ones [#2 (16 mm) > #3 (15 mm) > #1 (8 mm)]. Antibiotics (Cefradroxil and Amoxillin) were more potent than A. muricata leaves extracts in all cases. Future work is to assess antimicrobial properties of A. muricata fruit.
Bacterial Prospects for Diisobutyl Phthalate Degradation from the San Juan Bay Estuary System.  Janmary Colón-Alicea.  Claribel Báez-Félix, and José R. Pérez-Jiménez.  Puerto Rico Institute for Microbial Ecology Research, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR 00778.  Abstract: Phthalates are esters attached to benzene rings that, due to their structure and composition, make them less soluble and more volatile in their pure state. They are used as plasticizers in many of the products we use daily. Due to its great use and its persistence in the environment, they represent a danger for humanity and nature. In few field studies in Puerto Rico have found bacteria capable of degrading some phthalate isomers, but these studies have been done in places with high exposure of the pollutant. One of the main interests is to find bacteria capable of degrading the pollutant in water bodies of Puerto Rico, like San Juan Bay Estuary System (SJBES), that are used by many citizens. Water samples were collected at different points in the SJBES and others water bodies of Puerto Rico. Five (5) bacteria were isolated in general media by serial dilution. Phthalate-degrading prospects were identified by aerobic cultivation on mineral salt media supplemented with diisobutyl phthalate as sole carbon source. Two are prospects (n=5) with phthalate esters-degrading capabilities. Four of them are coccus, one bacillus but all respires using oxygen (positive to catalase) and gram-positive strains. Measuring the absorbance with the spectrophotometer, two of the strains (n=5) were capable to start the degradation of the diisobutyl phthalate in less than 48 hours. Future studies will include the characterization of phthalate esters-degrading bacteria by 16S rDNA barcoding and known what intermediates can be formed in the metabolic pathway.  Bacteria that are prospects of the degradation of phthalates were found in a body of water from Puerto Rico not previously reported. What can be concluded with this research, bacterial prospects of phthalate degradation can be find in nature regardless of the levels of contamination that exist in the place of study.
Static and Dynamic Measurement of Dopamine Adsorption in Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.  John C. González Amoretti, Nilka M. Rivera, and Lisandro Cunci.  School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR 00778.  Abstract: This study used static and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to study the adsorption of dopamine (DA) in carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFME). DA is a neurotransmitter in the brain, which is responsible for satisfaction, reward system, motor cortex and more. Analysis of DA is important since the decrease or overproduction can contribute to neurological disorders and diseases. Environmental neurotoxins such as heavy metals, pesticides and endocrine disruptors are harmful to the DA system, consequently enhancing or impairing DA neurotransmission and disrupting DA-associated behaviors. The CFMEs that were used were completely fabricated in Dr. Cuncis’ lab. To show a proof-of-concept, EIS were performed at potentials ranging from −0.4 to 0.8 V versus Ag| AgCl to demonstrate the versatility of EIS where you don’t need to oxidize DA to study it. By using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and single frequency electrochemical impedance, different concentrations of DA, ranging from 1 nM to 500 nM, were measured. The capacitance of the CFMEs surface seemed to decrease as DA would adsorb to the surface, which correlates to the concentration. The CFMEs surface was oxidized and oxygen was dissolved to study the effect it would have on measurements. Non-oxidized and oxidized CFMEs were prepared and characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Optimum working parameters of the CFMEs, such as frequency and voltage, were obtained for better measurement. Electrochemical impedance of DA was determined at different concentration, voltages, and frequencies. Finally, dynamic experiments were conducted using a flow cell and single frequency impedance to study continuous and real-time measurements of DA. EIS was successfully used to measure DA concentrations in standard solutions as well as in dynamic measurements using a flow cell. The measurement of DA was better at mid to higher frequencies from the information gathered in standard solutions. This will make EIS an easy addition to the tools used currently in the biochemical field.
Distribution of sulfidogenic communities across layers of a hypersaline microbial mat.  Luis Eduardo Serrano Torres, and José R. Pérez-Jiménez.  Puerto Rico Institute for Microbial Ecology Research, School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR 00778.  Abstract: Hypersaline microbial mats can be found in the Cabo Rojo salterns in Puerto Rico. These are layered structures composed of many microorganisms. These organisms vary from layer to layer and together they form their own self-sustained ecosystem. Most mats are composed of a top photosynthetic layer, a middle layer of anoxygenic phototrophy and an anoxic bottom layer. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are key components in both the carbon and sulfur biogeochemical cycles within the mats and the can usually be found within all layers of the mats, being more prevalent in bottom layers. Our aim is to characterize the richness and distribution of sulfidogenic communities within a never before studied mat. Pieces of the microbial mat were collected and part of the samples were aseptically processed immediately and the rest was stored.  DNA was extracted from each sample for the amplification of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) genes. Communities of the SRB were described by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of dsrAB genes (dsr-TRFLP) digested with MobI. SRB were found present in every layer of the microbial mat. A total of 36 TRF were found within all layers of the microbial mat. A TRF with 58 bp was found to be in 80% of samples. TRFLP analysis revealed heterogeneity of SRB within the different layers of the mat and homogeneity within samples of the same layer. Our results have provided some insight about the diversity of sulfidogenic communities in microbial mats.
Diversity of Microorganisms in the Rhizosphere of the Río Abajo State Forest in Arecibo.  Lydia Núñez Rosario, Kenneth Rivera, Herreld Rosado, and Luz V. Arroyo.  School of Natural Science and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Barceloneta, PR 00617.  Abstract: The soil is the outer layer of the earth's surface where plant growth occurs. The rhizosphere is the soil region where biological activity occurs, as bacteria and fungi form communities to degrade organic compounds. The woodland is one of the main decomposition sites, a process of paramount importance for the continuity of the forest as a whole. The edaphic sample from Río Abajo State Forest, with a pH of 7.84 and humidity of 101.3 %, was frozen for 2 months before being activated for this investigation. Our objective is to quantify and characterize microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present in a forest edaphic sample. The methodology had two approaches based on soil sampling (0 – 10 cm). In the microbiological analysis, samples were diluted, and colonies counted, bacteria and fungi isolated, stains (Gram, Hiss, Wirtz-Conklin and Lactophenol Cotton Blue), CHROMagar orientation, and biochemical tests were made. Incubation temperature of 27 °C. In the molecular analysis, direct genomic DNA extraction from the soil visualized on 1% agarose electrophoresis was carried out. From the edaphic sample refrigerated for 2 months, 57 x 109 cfu / mL were quantified, and 2 bacilli (Gram positive and Gram negative) and 4 fungi were isolated. In both cases they are ready to be identified. Genomic DNA extraction must be repeated for subsequent PCR analysis. The results obtained in this study will serve to be compared with a similar sample of livestock and to observe microbiological differences between both soils.
Sigma-1R Antagonist (BD1047) prior to Cocaine Reduces Cathepsin B Secretion in HIV-1 Infected Macrophages in vivo and in vitro.  Omar Vélez López1, Anabelle Segarra Marrero1, Manuel Álvarez Ríos2, Santhi Gorantla4, and Loyda M. Meléndez1.  1University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences 2University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, 3University of Nebraska Medical Center.  Abstract: Pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is mediated through the infiltration of perivascular macrophages into the brain that secrete viral proteins, neurotoxic and inflammatory factors. One of these factors is cathepsin B (CATB), a lysosomal cysteine protease that induces neuronal apoptosis, increases in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1 infected patients. Cocaine use further potentiates CATB neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Modulation of sigma-1 (Sig1R) by cocaine increases oxidative species, calcium flux and other factors that promote lysosomal disruption. However, the role of Sig1R in CATB secretion and HIV-1 replication in presence of cocaine in macrophages is unknown. We hypothesized that pharmacological modulation of Sig1R would alter CATB secretion from HIV-1 infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Monocyte derived-macrophages (MDM) from HIV-1 seronegative donors were isolated, infected with HIV-1ADA, and pretreated with Sig1R antagonist (BD1047) or agonist (PRE-084) prior to cocaine for 3, 6, 9 and 11 days post-infection (dpi). Infected macrophages with BD1047 10 µM prior to cocaine decreased infection levels and CATB secretion when compared to cells treated with cocaine (p24=130 ng/mL vs. 15 ng/mL; 3000 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL). No significant differences in p24 or CATB levels were found in PRE-084 and cocaine treatments. BD1047/cocaine MDM supernatants reduced neurotoxicity when compared to supernatants from infected MDM exposed to cocaine (p≤0.01). The effect of Sig1R antagonist was verified in vivo using the HIV encephalitis (HIVE) mouse model. Cocaine increases CATB secretion through Sig1R modulation in HIV-infected macrophage and that Sig1R antagonist BD1047 might be a potential therapy for reducing CATB induced neurotoxicity in HIV-1 infected patients that use cocaine.
Spatial distribution of leaf litter fungal communities in a simulated hurricane experiment.  Ramón Maiz Del Toro, Christian D. del Valle-Colón, José R. Pérez-Jiménez, and Sharon A. Cantrell-Rodríguez.  School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo, PR, 00778.  Abstract: Fungal communities play important roles in litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. The Canopy Trimming Experiment (CTE) began in 2003 at the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico, with the intention of collecting samples that would provide relevant data. The CTE focused on the immediate effects of hurricanes on forest floor processes and their recovery, in a tropical wet forest ecosystem. Changes to the forest’s fungi community structure of litter layers may influence ecosystem recovery. Canopy trimming was performed again in October-November 2014 with the purpose of understanding long-term effects of increased hurricane frequency on forest productivity and carbon sequestration. Our objective was to evaluate if, and how, a hurricane affected fungal communities in the litter. Leaf litter samples were collected in three blocks, at various times up to two years. Based in the results of the first trimming, two treatments were considered for the second: unmanipulated control and trim plus debris.  DNA was extracted using MoBio Power Soil DNA Isolation kit. The TRFLP technique was used to obtain profiles of the fungal communities in each sample using the fungal ITS region. Changes in fungal community structure between samples were analyzed using NMDS and Two-Way PERMANOVA. The fungal diversity in the leaf litter increased with the addition of canopy deposits. Fungal diversity decreases as the decomposition of litter progresses. The results indicate significant differences in fungal communities between treatments and though time. Fungal communities were heterogeneous among the treatments and through time indicative of a high turnover of species during the decomposition process. The results support previous observations obtain with the first trimming. In the future, we will analyze the effect of a recent hurricane on the structure of leaf litter fungal communities and the characterization of specific taxa. Climate change will cause an increase in intense hurricanes and understanding their effect in leaf and soil microbial communities will help us understand how resilient or vulnerable tropical forest are to natural disturbances.
Mixotrophic metabolism in Botryococcus sudeticus.  Catalina Dávila-Aguer, Olga L. Gracia-González, Nicole E. Silva-Ramos, Luis A. Álvarez-Rodríguez.  School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad del Turabo, Gurabo PR 00778.  Abstract: Microalgae have many beneficial uses, such as biofuels, bioplastics, nutraceuticals, animal feed and wastewater treatment.  They are efficient CO2 fixers and thus, growing microalgae at large scales can help reducing global warming.  However, some species are mixotrophic, i.e., they are capable of using carbon sources other than CO2. By growing microalgae with organic carbon sources higher biomass values can be reached in shorter times.  In this work, we aimed to study mixotrophic metabolism in the green microalgae (Botryococcus sudeticus).  Biolog microplates with 31 different organic carbon sources were inoculated with an algae suspension previously filtered and treated with an antibiotic solution.  Control wells were inoculated with sterile water.  Plates were incubated under constant agitation for 6 days and readings were taken at 595 nm every 3 hours.  Previous studies have shown mixotrophic metabolism in some microalgal species and preliminary results in this experiment indicates that B. sudeticus is able of using some of the organic carbon sources present in the Biolog Ecoplate. Results showed that this species can use other carbon sources.

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